医保定点药店布局规划效果评价方法*

目的拟研制一种新的评价医保定点药店布局规划效果的方法,为政府在充分使用医保资金、合理定点医保定点药店上提供决策支持。方法为清晰表达规划地域内医保药店的有序竞争情况及局部区域的药品供给公平程度,研究借助地理信息系统软件作为辅助工具,以公平和效率为导向,有针对性地对医保定点药店布局规划的效果评价方法进行研制,并以某市为例探讨方法学的信度和效度。结果形成了两种评价医保定点药店布局规划效果的方法学,包括直接计算法和统计网格数量法,明确了其在地理信息系统中的命令和程序,并有效实现了规划效果的可视化表达。结论本研究研制的效果评价方法所得的可视化结果清晰直观、精细易懂,有助于决策者在决策中减少盲目性,快速决断,保证规划切实有效的落实,达到了规划目的。     

我国7个地理区域哮喘急性发作住院患者季节性分布特征

目的 了解我国7个地理区域内哮喘急性发作住院患者的季节性分布特征。方法 对全国7个地理区域（东北、华北、华中、华东、华南、西北、西南）内的29家三甲医院2013－2014年间因哮喘急性发作住院的患者例数及同期该院呼吸内科总住院患者例数进行统计,逐月计算因哮喘急性发作住院患者占总住院患者的比例。对各个地区之间及每个地区不同月份之间哮喘急性发作患者的住院情况进行了统计学分析。结果 在研究的时间范围内,29家医院的呼吸科总住院患者为206 135例次,其中因哮喘急性发作住院患者为6 480例次,占同期总住院数的3.14%。不同地区间因哮喘急性发作住院人数占同期总住院人数的比例差异较大,东北地区比例最高（5.61%）,华东地区比例最低（1.97%）。不同地区之间哮喘患者住院比例的差异均有统计学意义（P<0.000 1）。多数地区因哮喘急性发作住院患者例数及比例都有两个高峰,分别位于2－4月及9－10月,东北、华东及华南地区的春季高峰更为显著,而华北及西南地区的秋季高峰更为明显,西北地区的高峰则位于冬季（12－1月）及夏季（6－8月）。东北、华北及西南地区各月份之间哮喘急性发作住院情况的差异有统计学意义（P<0.005）。结论 不同地区哮喘急性发作住院患者存在一定的季节波动性,多数地区存在春季及秋季两个高峰。     

山东省平阴县农村地区出生缺陷聚集性分析

目的 分析山东省平阴县农村地区出生缺陷聚集性分布特征,为进一步病因学研究和防治提供线索和依据。方法 收集平阴县2004-2016年出生缺陷登记资料,描述出生缺陷地理分布,计算每个村庄的出生缺陷发病例数,对出生缺陷数据资料进行Poisson分布和负二项分布拟合优度检验。结果 出生缺陷发病数据不符合Poisson分布(χ²=30.33,P<0.001),但符合负二项分布(χ²=4.56,P=0.336)。结论 平阴县农村地区出生缺陷在村级层面上具有空间聚集性。     

糖尿病足感染的病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解糖尿病足感染细菌的分布及耐药状况。方法收集2010年至2017年门诊和住院患者的糖尿病足感染标本,常规方法进行细菌培养和鉴定,按纸片法、微量稀释法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性。结果共分离出非重复细菌304株,排在前4位的依次是金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、无乳链球菌和奇异变形杆菌,分别占29.3%,8.6%,5.9%,5.6%。未检出万古霉素耐药的革兰氏阳性细菌,未检出碳青霉烯类耐药的革兰氏阴性细菌。结论糖尿病足感染的主要致病菌仍以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。     

2073株烧伤患者创面分泌物病原菌种类分布及耐药性分析

目的 对昆明医科大学第二附属医院烧伤患者创面分泌物病原菌种类分布及耐药性进行分析,为本院烧伤患者临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 采用回顾性分析方法选取2014年7月1日-2017年7月1日昆明医科大学第二附属医院烧伤科感染患者创面分泌物,按照全国临床检验操作规程对标本进行细菌的培养、分离鉴定,根据抗菌药物敏感性试验执行标准(CLSI 2014-2017版)进行耐药性分析。结果 烧伤感染患者中共检出2073株细菌,革兰阳性菌共检出876株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌430株(49.1%)、表皮葡萄球菌196株(22.4%)、粪肠球菌75株(8.6%);革兰阴性菌共检出1197株,其中铜绿假单胞菌482株(40.3%)、大肠埃希菌164株(13.7%)、鲍曼不动杆菌128株(10.7%)。革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、四环素耐药性较高,分别为97.2%和72.3%,未发现利奈唑胺、万古霉素耐药菌株;革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药率高达100%。用SPSSS 17.0软件对铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌的耐药性比较分析,结果显示对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组不同年龄对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率均在90%以上,对于哌拉西林/三唑巴坦,老年组耐药性更高,对头孢吡肟、庆大霉素,老年组耐药性更低。结论 烧伤创面感染细菌以铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌引起的感染应加以重视,碳青霉烯类仍是革兰阴性菌感染治疗的首选药物,未发现对利奈唑胺、万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。     

医院血流感染的病原菌分布及抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的：研究医院血流感染的病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：对31144份临床送检的血标本进行细菌培养、鉴定和药敏试验,应用WHONET 5.6对药敏结果进行统计分析。结果：31144份血培养标本中共分离到1653株病原菌,检出率为5.3%。分离得到的1653株病原菌中：革兰阴性菌检出972株（检出率58.8%）;革兰阳性菌检出469株（检出率28.4%）;真菌检出212株（检出率12.8%）。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为53.5%及41.1%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别为38.5%及77.2%。革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌两者耐药率无显著性差异。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率为3.5%~4.9%。未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺葡萄球菌。结论：血流感染病原菌种类多,耐药情况复杂,定期对病原菌分布和耐药情况进行监测,可以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women: A population-based study in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan Province,China

Accumulating evidence indicates that persistent infection with high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer, and that the distribution of HPV genotypes varies regionally. This study explored the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among Han, Yi, and Bai women in various regions of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. This cross-sectional study included 2779 women (20–76 years old) who were referred for 21-HPV genotype array diagnostic from five regions of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture between February 2013 and May 2016. Statistical methods used included a the χ² test, Fisher's exact test, t test, and logistic regression. Overall HPV prevalence in the study population was 7.6%. HPV-52, HPV-58, HPV-18, HPV-81, and HPV-16 were the most prevalent genotypes in the study area, and notably, the prevalence of HPV-58 was significantly higher among women in Heqing County than that in other regions. Univariate analysis showed that husband's age, region, fertility status, and parity were potential factors associated with HPV infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Heqing County was an independent risk factor for HPV infection among women in the Dali area, moreover, Yi women showed the highest risk for HPV infections. Overall, our finding emphasizing the urgent need for an HPV screening and prevention program in Heqing County and Yi women. We also suggest that HPV-related health education should be provided not only to women, but also to men, to reduce the risk of infection in women.     

食管癌患者血清铁蛋白、红细胞分布宽度和红细胞沉降率水平的差异分析及预后评估

目的分析血清铁蛋白(serum ferritin,SF)、红细胞分布宽度(redblood cell distribution width,RDW)和红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)在食管癌诊断及预后中的价值。方法收集四川省林业中心医院收治的食管癌患者140例,反流性食管炎患者92例,同期收集健康人群140例。采用血液分析仪检测外周全血RDW,采用化学发光法检测血清SF水平,采用魏氏法检测ESR值。结果与反流性食管炎(SF:168.7±16.8μg/L;RDW:13.4±2.3%;ESR:15.3±2.6mm/h)和健康对照(SF:160.3±15.5μg/L;RDW:12.7±2.1%;ESR:15.6±2.8mm/h)相比,SF、RDW和ESR水平在食管癌(SF:321.5±37.1μg/L;RDW:22.5±3.0%;ESR:27.5±7.8mm/h)患者中均显著升高(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,SF、RDW和ESR水平与TNM分期(SF:r=0.327,P<0.001;RDW:r=0.264,P=0.002;ESR:r=0.283,P=0.001)均呈线性关联,且三者的水平在Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者中最高,但SF、RDW和ESR水平与组织学类型均无显著相关性(SF:r=0.012,P=0.884;RDW:r=-0.119,P=0.160;ESR:r=-0.018,P=0.834)。ROC结果显示,联合SF、RDW和ESR在鉴别食管癌与反流性食管炎和健康对照的曲线下面积(area under ROC curve,AUC)为0.923(95%CI:0.893~0.974,P<0.001),灵敏度为92.3%,特异性为83.4%。生存分析显示,相比低SF组和低RDW组,高SF组(χ^2=15.366,P<0.001)和高RDW组(χ^2=6.012,P=0.014)生存率显著降低,而低ESR组和高ESR组间生存率差异无统计学意义(χ^2=1.695,P=0.193)。结论联合SF、RDW和ESR对食管癌的诊断及发病风险评估具有价值,且SF和RDW在食管癌预后评价中有重要意义。     

Different localizations of drugs simultaneously administered in a strand of hair by micro‐segmental analysis

Segmental hair analysis is used to estimate the time of drug intake at monthly precision in drug‐related crimes. Previously, we advanced this analytical method to specify the day of drug intake by cutting a strand of hair into 0.4‐mm segments, which correspond to daily hair growth. Herein, we investigated the distributions of 7 compounds in a strand of hair using micro‐segmental analysis. Several strands of hair were collected 33.1?229.4 days after subjects were administered 4 pharmaceutical products that contained 10 drugs in single doses within 32 hours. The administered drugs and resulting metabolites were extracted from 0.4‐mm hair segments and quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Acidic and neutral compounds were detected at low amounts in any of the hair segments analyzed. Epinastine, fexofenadine, dihydrocodeine, chlorpheniramine, and the chlorpheniramine metabolite, desmethylchlorpheniramine each was localized to 2 regions within a strand of hair. By contrast, methylephedrine and its metabolite, ephedrine, each was localized to only a region. Among 20 individual strands of hair associated with different subjects and head regions, few differences in the shapes of drug concentration–hair segment curves for each compound were detected. Our data indicated that 2 mechanisms for drug uptake into hair can operate depending on drug properties and that co‐administered drugs can be localized to different regions in a strand of hair. Micro‐segmental analysis may aid in the identification of the day of drug intake and help to elucidate the mechanisms of drug uptake into hair.     

Spatial clusters of daytime sleepiness and association with nighttime noise levels in a Swiss general population (GeoHypnoLaus)

Introduction

Daytime sleepiness is highly prevalent in the general adult population and has been linked to an increased risk of workplace and vehicle accidents, lower professional performance and poorer health. Despite the established relationship between noise and daytime sleepiness, little research has explored the individual-level spatial distribution of noise-related sleep disturbances. We assessed the spatial dependence of daytime sleepiness and tested whether clusters of individuals exhibiting higher daytime sleepiness were characterized by higher nocturnal noise levels than other clusters.